My Wiki - User contributions [en]

File:West-Rock-Ridge-State-Park-South-Prickly-Pear-Cactus.kml

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File:NYSDEP ENB Region 3 Notices (2011-1-05) - Breakneck Dam Decommissioned.pdf

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File:Breakneck Ridge and the Cornish Estate.pdf

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Tolland Marsh Pond

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{{Infobox
|heading = blah blah blah
|image = [[File:sarracenia-purpurea-1.jpg|260px|alt=Purple Pitcher Plant found at Tolland Marsh Pond]]
|header1 = Tolland Marsh Pond
|label2 = Location
|data2 = Tolland, Connecticut
|label3 = Owner
|data3 = Town of Tolland
|label4 = Size
|data4 = (unknown)
}}

Tolland Marsh Pond is large wetland area in Tolland, Connecticut. To the best of my knowledge, Tolland Marsh Pond is not formally protected as town open space or as a nature preserve, however it likely receives some measure of protection under Tolland statutes which govern and regulate the development of wetlands.

== Rare and Unusual Plants ==

I have documented a fairly large and apparently healthy population of the [[Purple Pitcher Plant]] living in the southernmost portions of Tolland Marsh Pond.

== Map ==

{{#display_point:coordinates=41.85906, -72.36315}}

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
Burger's Onion: Carnivorous Plants at Tolland Marsh Pond 
[http://burgersonion.blogspot.com/2009/06/carnivorous-plants-at-tolland-marsh.html http://burgersonion.blogspot.com/2009/06/carnivorous-plants-at-tolland-marsh.html]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Protected Land]]

Tolland

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Tolland is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut that covers approximately 40 square miles of land and water.

== Points of Note ==

'''Purple Pitcher Plants at Tolland Marsh Pond'''

I have photo-documented a large and apparently healthy population of [[Purple Pitcher Plant]]s at [[Tolland Marsh Pond]], a large wetland area in Tolland.

== Map ==

{{#display_map:{Tolland, Connecticut}}

[[Category:Towns in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Towns]]

The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut, Volume 1

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Published in 1896 by Sarah Johnson Prichard, '''The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut, Volume 1''' documents many facets of historical interest of Waterbury and surrounding towns.

This book briefly mentions a historical location of colonies of the [[Prickly Pear Cactus]].

== Useful Links ==

Google Books (free, full-text digital copy) 
[http://books.google.com/books?id=U_QLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut, Volume 1]

[[Category:Books]]

Terrapin

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#REDIRECT [[Diamondback Terrapin]]

Spruce and Orchard Glen Preserve

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== History ==

=== 1892 ===

Charles A. Kinney, who owned roughly 100 acres of farmland adjacent to Spruce Glen, purchased 18 acres of the Glen from Joseph Hough. This was the first of four land purchases made by Kinney, who would eventually come to own the majority of Spruce Glen by the early 1900s.

=== 1897 ===

Charles Kinney purchases two tracts of Spruce Glen from Joseph Gilbert, one of 18 acres and the other of 60 acres, bringing Kinney's total holdings of Spruce Glen to 96 acres. Prior to the land sales, Gilbert and Kinney had discussed their mutual desire to preserve the natural beauty of the location.

=== 1905 ===

Charles Kinney buys 60 additional acres of Spruce Glen from the "Richard Miller heirs", bringing his total holding at Spruce Glen to 156 acres. Following this fourth and final purchase of land, it would seem that Kinney now owned most, if not all, of Spruce Glen.

=== 1927 ===

After several years of allowing the public to freely access and enjoy Spruce Glen, Kinney decides that he can "no longer afford to maintain a public park at his personal expense". He offers to sell the land to the state.

=== Ownership by Charles Kinney ===

''Information concerning the state of Spruce Glen Preserve, as owned by Charles Kinney, comes from a 1927 article in the Meriden Journal.''<ref name="mj1927">Spruce glen may be included in system of parks. (1927, Feb 14). Meriden Journal. Retrieved from http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o8pHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Lf8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1732,6349187&dq=spruce%20glen%20wallingford&hl=en</ref>

By 1927, the area of Spruce Glen had "long been a favorite beauty spot of Meriden in the minds of many residents". At that time, the area was privately owned by Charles A. Kinney, who had amassed approximately 156 acres of land encompassing Spruce Glen, of which "one half [was] wooded, and the other half [was] excellent tillable soil." Kinney maintained the area as something of a public park for several years, but decided in 1927 that he could "no longer afford to maintain a public park at his personal expense" and was determined to sell the parcel. Despite receiving several offers for the property, he was most interested in selling Spruce Glen to the state for conversion into a state park.

Kinney explained that his original farm of 100 acres had been adjacent to, but did not include, any of Spruce Glen. Kinney made his first purchase of Spruce Glen land in 1892 from Joseph Hough. Around 1897, he purchased 78 additional acres of Spruce Glen from Thomas Gilbert, who shared Kinney's desired preserve the land's natural beauty. Finally, around 1905, Kinney purchased another 60 acres of Spruce Glen from the "Richard Miller" heirs. Thus, when Kinney related his land ownership to the Meriden Journal in 1927, he counted 156 acres of Spruce Glen that was under his ownership.

=== Also Read and Add info here ===

hi <ref="mj1916">http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-v9HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pwANAAAAIBAJ&pg=1666,1184131&dq=spruce+glen+wallingford+waterfall&hl=en</ref>

<references>

Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Sanctuary

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#REDIRECT [[Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge and Sanctuary]]

Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge and Sanctuary

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{{Infobox
|header1 = Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge and Sanctuary
|label2 = Location
|data2 = Milford, Connecticut
|label3 = Owner
|data3 = Connecticut Audubon Society
|label4 = Size
|data4 = 8 acres
}}

The Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge and Sanctuary is an 8-acre parcel of preserve land associated with The Coastal Center at Milford Point, a center for ecological education owned and operated by the Connecticut Audubon Society.

The refuge is located at 1 Milford Point Road in Milford, Connecticut and it is "open daily, year-round, from dawn to dusk".

== Rare and Unusual Plants ==

The Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge is confirmed to have healthy colonies of [[Prickly Pear Cactus]], Connecticut's only native species of cactus.

== Map ==

{{
#display_point:
1 Milford Point Road, Milford, Connecticut
}}

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
Connecticut Audubon Society: The Coastal Center at Milford Point 
[http://www.ctaudubon.org/coastal-center-at-milford-point http://www.ctaudubon.org/coastal-center-at-milford-point]
</li>
<li>
Connecticut Audubon Society: State-wide Sanctuary Map 
[http://www.ctaudubon.org/wp-content/themes/default/pdfs/Map.pdf http://www.ctaudubon.org/wp-content/themes/default/pdfs/Map.pdf]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Protected Land]]
[[Category:Wildlife Sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Protected Land in Connecticut]]

Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge

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#REDIRECT [[Smith-Hubbell Wildlife Refuge and Sanctuary]]

Sarracenia purpurea

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#REDIRECT [[Purple Pitcher Plant]]

Rat Snake

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#REDIRECT [[Black Rat Snake]]

Purple Pitcher Plant

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The Purple Pitcher Plant (''Sarracenia purpurea'') is a carnivorous plant native to bogs of Connecticut. Because this organism thrives only in sunny wetland habitats with low-nutrient soil (generally only in peat bogs), they are not especially common in Connecticut. However, the Purple Pitcher Plant is not listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut.

== My Documented Encounters ==

With the help of an obscure blog post found online, I was able to locate and photo-document a fairly large and healthy population of Purple Pitcher Plants at [[Tolland Marsh Pond]] in Tolland, Connecticut. Although I have documented the exact location of these plants, they are extremely difficult to access due to their location in a swamp.

== Other Confirmed Locations ==

Purple Pitcher Plants are known to live in Killingworth, Connecticut at the [[Pond Meadow Natural Area]], a protected parcel of wetlands. I have been in contact with the administrator of the land and anticipate that I will visit the bog in mid-2012.

[[Category:Plants of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Carnivorous Plants]]
[[Category:Plants]]
[[Category:Living Organisms]]

Prickly pear

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#REDIRECT [[Eastern Prickly Pear]]

Prickly Pear Cactus

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#REDIRECT [[Eastern Prickly Pear]]

Prickly Pear Cacti

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#REDIRECT [[Opuntia humifusa]]

Pond Meadow Natural Area

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{{Infobox
|header1 = Pond Meadow Natural Area
|label2 = Location
|data2 = Killingworth, Connecticut
|label3 = Owner
|data3 = Killingworth Land Conservation Trust
|label4 = Size
|data4 = 42 acres
}}

The Pond Meadow Natural Area is a 42-acre parcel of conservation land owned by the Killingworth Land Conservation Trust (KLCT). The KLCT originally purchased the property in January 2001 and, at that time, it was composed of only about 19 acres. Prior to being acquired by the KLCT, the land was used a cranberry bog. Although much of the Pond Meadow Natural Area is now managed to protect delicate habitat for plants and animals, some portions are still used to produce cranberries.

== Rare and Unusual Plant Life ==

The KLCT has confirmed that the carnivorous [[Purple Pitcher Plant]] can found at the Pond Meadow Natural Area.

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
KLCT: Pond Meadow Natural Area 
[http://klct.homestead.com/bog.html http://klct.homestead.com/bog.html]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Protected Land]]
[[Category:Protected Land in Connecticut]]

Pantherophis obsoletus

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#REDIRECT [[Black Rat Snake]]

Opuntia humifusa

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#REDIRECT [[Eastern Prickly Pear]]

Northern Moon Snail

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{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Northern-moon-snail.jpg|260px|alt=Black Rat Snake in Washington, CT]]
|header1 = Northern Moon Snail
|label2 = Binomial Name
|data2 = ''Euspira heros''
|label3 = Connecticut Conservation Status
|data3 = Not listed
|label4 = Federally Endangered?
|data4 = No
|label5 = IUCN Category
|data5 = Not assessed
|label6 = Confirmed Locations
|data6 = 1
|label7 = Confirmed Sightings
|data7 = > 100
|label8 = Photodocumented Specimens
|data8 = 2
}}

The '''Northern Moon Snail''' (''Euspira heros'') is a fairly large snail of Western Atlantic Ocean, occurring frequently along the Connecticut coast in Long Island Sound.

== Feeding Habits ==

''E. heros'' feeds almost exclusively on other mollusks including clams, cockles and mussels. They are supremely adapted for pursuing and attacking these shelled creatures, grasping them tightly and drilling a counter-sunk hole in their shell which allows access to the inner flesh. While combing almost any beach in Connecticut, one can find plenty of washed-up clam and cockle shells with a distinctive counter-sunk hole, indicating that they were killed by ''E. heros''.

== Habitat ==

Occasionally, ''E. heros'' can be found in the intertidal zone, dwelling in very shallow water during low tide. However, they tend to be much more common in the subtidal zone where they are unlikely to discovered by terrestrial predators.

== Confirmed Locations ==

I have found ''E. heros'' routinely along the shores of Westbrook Harbor in Westbrook, Connecticut. Historically, I recall observing a much greater quantity of these snails in the intertidal zone than can be found in recent times.

[[Category:Snails]]
[[Category:Mollusks]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Living Organisms]]

Northern Black Racer

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#REDIRECT [[Eastern Racer]]

Main Page

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MediaWiki has been installed.

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

== Getting started ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]

Hibernaculum

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''Hibernaculum is defined here in the context of snakes. There are other definitions.''

A '''hibernaculum''' is a den in which snakes will gather to over-winter. Most species of snakes found in Connecticut use hibernacula during the winter for two purposes: 1) they cannot generally endure direct exposure to the elementss, and 2) food sources are considerably more scarce and difficult capture during that season.

== Description ==

Typically, hibernacula are found in very rocky habitats where snakes can find crevices that lead to larger sub-terranean dens which offer protection from the cold temperatures and snow. Although the crevice entrances to hibernacula may oftentimes be very small and inconspicuous, they are known to lead to larger underground dens.

During warmer months of the year, all species of snake depart from their hibernacula to actively forage and sun themselves. Therefore, hibernacula are generally not inhabited from mid-Spring to mid-Autumn.

== Species Diversity ==

In most cases, a single hibernaculum may be utilized by a variety of snake species with both venomous and non-venomous types intermixed.

== Locations in Connecticut ==

Because hibernacula are sub-terranean dens, and because the entrances to most hibernacula are rather inconspicuous, it is difficult to pinpoint the location of a hibernaculum. More often, hibernacula are inferred by a high population of snakes in a given area. Many species of snake do not travel particularly far from their hibernaculum, so wherever the population of snakes is unusually high, there is likley to be a hibernaculum nearby.

Elaphe obsoleta

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#REDIRECT [[Black Rat Snake]]

Eastern Racer

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{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Eastern-racer-west-rock-ridge.jpg|260px|alt=Eastern Racer in Hamden, CT]]
|header1 = Eastern Racer
|label2 = Binomial Name
|data2 = ''Coluber constrictor constrictor''
|label3 = Status in CT
|data3 = Least Concern
|label4 = Confirmed Locations
|data4 = 2
|label5 = Confirmed Sightings
|data5 = 4
|label6 = Photodocumented Specimens
|data6 = 1
}}
The '''Eastern Racer''' (''Coluber constrictor'') is a dark-colored, non-venomous snake of Connecticut that generally grows from 33 to 65 inches in length.<ref name="snakes-of-connecticut">Dickson, Jenny, and Julie Victoria. Connecticut. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. ''Snakes of Connecticut: A Guide to Snake Identification''. 2006. Web. <http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/snkwebview.pdf>.</ref> Although there are nearly a dozen subspecies of ''C. constrictor'', only one can be found in Connecticut: ''Coluber constrictor constrictor'', commonly known as the '''Eastern Racer'''<ref name="snakes-of-connecticut"></ref>, '''Northern Black Racer'''<ref name="virginia">Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Northern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor constrictor). 2012. Web.</ref> or simply '''Black Racer'''.

== Known Habitat Locations ==

I have discovered ''C. constrictor'' in two locations in Connecticut, although I was only able to photo-document specimens in one of those locations.

=== West Rock Ridge State Park (Hamden) ===

On May 23, 2012, along a short stretch of rocky, west-facing ledges in the central portion of West Rock Ridge State Park in Hamden, I discovered three (3) ''C. constrictor'' basking within 50 feet of eachother. The habitat in the immediate area is ideal for these snakes, offering warm, sunny ledges intermixed with shady upland forest that offers plenty of small prey creatures.

I was able to photo-document one of the specimens.

I also discovered one ''Heterodon platirhinos'' (Eastern Hognose Snake) among these ''C. constrictor'' on the same day, indicating that the area may be in very close proximity to a [[hibernaculum]].

=== Powerline Cut (Middletown) ===

On May 17, 2012, I discovered ''C. constrictor'' during an exploration of over one mile of terrain along a powerline cut in Middletown, beginning at Bartholomew Road and terminating at Route 9. I was unequipped for photography at the time and was therefore unable to photo-document the specimen.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Snakes]]
[[Category:Reptiles]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Living Organisms]]

Diamondback Terrapin

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{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Diamondback-terrapin-menunketesuck.jpg|260px|alt=Black Rat Snake in Washington, CT]]
|header1 = Diamondback Terrapin
|label2 = Binomial Name
|data2 = ''Malaclemys terrapin''
|label3 = Connecticut Conservation Status
|data3 = Not Listed
|label4 = Federally Endangered?
|data4 = No
|label5 = IUCN Category
|data5 = LR (nt)
|label6 = Confirmed Locations
|data6 = 1
|label7 = Confirmed Sightings
|data7 = 1
|label8 = Photodocumented Specimens
|data8 = 1
}}
The '''Diamondback Terrapin''' (''Malaclemys terrapin'') is the only turtle native to Connecticut which lives in brackish water such as marshes and estuaries.

== Conservation Status ==

Despite a historic decline in population, Diamondback Terrapins have rebounded to some degree and their population is relatively stable in Connecticut and elsewhere.

They are not listed on Connecticut's 2010 Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species List<ref name="ct-etsc-reptiles">Connecticut. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. ''Endangered, Threatened & Special Concern Reptile''s. 2010. Web. <http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2702&q=323484&depNav_GID=1628>.</ref>, nor are they listed as a Federal Endangered Species. Although the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies ''M. terrapin'' as a Lower Risk (LR) species, it is sub-classified as near-threatened (nt)<ref name="iucn-1996">"Malaclemys terrapin." ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 1996. Web. 24 May 2012. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/12695/0>.</ref>.

== Confirmed Location & Sightings ==

Although Diamondback Terrapins aren't especially rare in Connecticut, I have only seen one individual in the wild.

=== McKinney National Wildlife Refuge (Salt Meadow Unit/Menunketesuck Island) ===

On July 11, 2010, I photo-documented an ''M. terrapin'' specimen offshore of Westbrook, Connecticut, approximately 20 to 30 feet from the northern end of Menunketesuck Island. Menunketesuck Island is a portion of the Salt Meadow Unit of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge.

Although the area in the vicinity of Menunketesuck Island generally fits the profile of ''M. terrapin'' habitat (brackish estuary / close proximity to salt marsh), it has historically been quite unusual to find these turtles in Westbrook Harbor. Despite nearly 25 years of experience with coastal wildlife of Westbrook Harbor, this is the only instance in which I have observed ''M. terrapin''.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Turtles]]
[[Category:Reptiles]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Living Organisms]]

Cornish Estate Ruins

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{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Cornish-estate-3.jpg|260px|alt=Ruins of the Cornish Mansion]]
|header1 = Cornish Estate Ruins
|label2 = Location
|data2 = Cold Spring, New York
|label3 = Owner
|data3 = New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
|label4 = Size
|data4 = Incorporated into the 6,000-acre Hudson Highlands State Park
}}

The Cornish Estate Ruins are a complex of decaying structures along [[Breakneck Ridge]] in Cold Spring, New York. During its hey-day, the Cornish Estate encompassed a dairy farm, large greenhouse, swimming pool, garage and a lavish mansion. After Cornish's death in 1938, the property and all of its structures were largely abandoned and left to decay. Currently, they are within the Hudson Highlands State Park and are accessible from both the [[Breakneck Ridge]] trails and from the long, private driveway on Route 9D which is original to the Cornish Estate and still in very good condition.

== Construction of the Cornish Estate ==

Despite being popularly known as the Cornish Estate ruins, the property and mansion were originally built sometime between 1900 and 1910 by Sigmund Stern, a wealthy diamond merchant. Most, if not all, of the various structures associated with property were constructed under the direction of Stern.<ref name="hvr-website">Yasinsac, Robert J.. "Northgate: Edward J. Cornish Estate." Hudson Valley Ruins. N.p., 30 April 2010. Web. 16 Apr 2012. <http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/cornish/cornish1.html>.</ref>

== Quarrying at Breakneck Ridge ==

[[File:cornish-estate.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of the Cornish Dairy Farm]]
A locally-famous rock formation known as "Turk's Face" had existed on [[Breakneck Ridge]] until the 1830s or 1840s, but it was destroyed by a quarrying operation. Breakneck Ridge and surrounding mountains remained prime quarrying locations for a good deal of time. But by 1913, when a portion of the 163-mile Catskill Aqueduct was constructed on the eastern side of Breakneck Ridge, the quarrying operations there were quickly ceased by the state government who feared that damage might result if blasting was permitted in the immediate vicinity. In this way, the grounds of Stern's estate enjoyed a generous level of protection against development.

== Under the Ownership of Edward Cornish ==

Edward Cornish purchased the estate from Sigmund Stern in 1917. Cornish was also a considerably wealthy businessman who had risen to become president of the National Lead Company in 1916. Despite the relative opulence of the Cornish Mansion, however, it was not the primary of residence of Cornish and his wife. Instead, the couple lived in New York City and used the Estate as something of a vacation house. The dairy farm and various barn structures that dotted the estate were active during Cornish's ownership, as he was fond of engaging "in the pursuits of a gentleman farmer"<ref name="hvr-book">Rinaldi, Thomas E. Hudson Valley Ruins: Forgotten Landmarks of an American Landscape. UPNE, 2006. Print.</ref> whenever time permitted. Under his ownership, the estate "raised prized Jersey cows" and boasted "record-setting milk producing efforts" throughout the 1920s.<ref name="hvr-website"></ref>

== Concerns Over Nearby Quarrying ==

[[File:cornish-estate-2.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the estate greenhouse]]
Although quarrying operations on [[Breakneck Ridge]] had ended by 1913 with the construction of the Catskill Aqueduct, nearby peaks were still outside the no-blasting zone. By 1931, a massive quarrying operation had begun on Mount Taurus, the peak adjacent to Breakneck Ridge. Although the Cornish Estate was well out of harms way, the blasting routinely disrupted the serene, country atmosphere that Cornish sought at his mansion. In response, Cornish donated all mining rights of his own property to the Hudson River Conservation Society. In doing so, he ensured that the natural character of Breakneck Ridge and the valley on its eastern slope would not meet the same fate as Mount Taurus.

== Later Active Years and Eventual Decline ==

There do not seem to be any records that document when work at the dairy farm was ceased, but it likely occurred at some point in the mid-1930s as Cornish grew too old to make frequent enough trips out to the estate. By 1936, Cornish was 75 years old and his health was slowly failing. Seeking to preserve the natural beauty of his property on [[Breakneck Ridge]] forever, he offered to donate the entirety of the estate to the Taconic State Park Commission. His offer was declined on the grounds that the terrain was unsuitable for parkland, was already largely protected by laws forbidding quarrying<ref name="hvr-website"></ref> and could potentially be too costly to maintain.<ref name="hvr-book"></ref>

Less than two years later, Edward Cornish passed away at his office in New York City in May 1938. Within only two weeks, his wife passed away, as well. Accordingly, the entire property passed to the Cornish's heirs and the next 18 years of the estate's existence are largely a mystery. There is no record of how often the estate was visited, if at all. Vague accounts seem to suggest that the ''mansion'' itself was probably maintained on a limited basis, though it's not clear if the extensive outbuildings and dairy farm were also maintained or if they instead began an early decline to ruin.

However, it is known that a fire of indeterminate origin broke out in the mansion in Autumn of 1956 and consumed much of the interior. There is no evidence that efforts were made at repairs, so it was at this point that we can say conclusively that the estate was abandoned to the elements.

== Concern Over Development ==

By the early 1960s, the Cornish Estate had been abandoned and deteriorating for several years. The mansion had been mostly destroyed by fire in 1956 and lay completely abandoned afterwards. The dairy farm and outbuildings such as the greenhouse and pool house would have been abandoned as well, though these secondary structures could have been abandoned much earlier than the mansion (perhaps as early as the late 1930's). Young forests were slowly springing up where there were once well-manicured lawns and open pastures. In 1963, the original heirs elected to sell the decaying property to Central Hudson Gas and Electric, which promptly began contemplating the construction of a powerplant on the old estate grounds. Similar plans were announced by another power company to develop Storm King Mountain (visible across the Hudson River from [[Breakneck Ridge]]). Incidentally, the environmental movement had just began building momentum and there was public outcry over both of the proposed projects. The plans to develop powerplants in the area were ultimately abandoned.

By the later half of the 1960s, the Cornish Estate was incorporated into the vast, 6,000-acre Hudson Highlands State Park. Of course, by that time, it had been roughly three decades since Cornish's offer to donate the estate had been declined. All of the structures on the sprawling estate had decayed so thoroughly that there appears to have been no interest in restoration.

<gallery>
File:Cornish-estate-6.jpg|Dairy Farm Ruins
File:Cornish-estate-5.jpg|Past and Present
File:Cornish-estate-4.jpg|Wall at Dairy Farm
</gallery>

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
Hudson Valley Ruins 
Northgate: Edward J. Cornish Estate 
[http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/cornish/cornish1.html http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/cornish/cornish1.html]
</li>
<li>
Hudson Valley Ruins 
(Historic Photographs of the Cornish Estate) 
[http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/cornish/cornishold.html http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/cornish/cornishold.html]
</li>
</ul>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Historic Ruins]]

Cornish Estate

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Admin: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Cornish Estate Ruins]]

Coluber constrictor

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#REDIRECT [[Eastern Racer]]

Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut Growing Without Cultivation

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Admin: 1 revision imported

Published in 1910 by the Connecticut Botanical Society, "Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut Growing Without Cultivation" serves as an inventory of naturally-occuring plants known to exist in Connecticut.

The book briefly mentions the Prickly Pear Cactus, now an endangered species in Connecticut, as being "common" throughout the state's coastal areas.

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
Google Books (Free, Digital Copy Online) 
[http://books.google.com/books?id=SSQwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut Growing Without Cultivation]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Books]]

Breakneck Ridge

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Admin: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Breakneck-ridge-3.jpg|260px|alt=Breakneck Ridge]]
|header1 = Breakneck Ridge
|label2 = Location
|data2 = Cold Spring/Beacon, New York
|label3 = Owner
|data3 = New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
|label4 = Size
|data4 = Part of the 6,000-acre Hudson Highlands State Park
}}

Breakneck Ridge is a mountain within Hudson Highlands State Park in New York, straddling the towns of Beacon and Cold Spring. A series of hiking trails traverse the ridge and the surrounding area.

== Cornish Estate Ruins ==

Most of my research in this area has focused upon the rather extensive series of ruins of the [[Cornish Estate]], a sprawling complex of buildings owned by Edward Cornish from 1917 until his death in 1938. These ruins include a mansion, a dairy farm and a greenhouse, as well as many other structures without any clearly identifiable use (due to the lack of historic records and severe degree of deterioration).

== Breakneck Brook Dam ==

[[File:Breakneck-ridge-2.jpg|left|thumb|Breakneck Brook a few months after demolition of the Breakneck Dam in 2011]]
[[File:Breakneck-ridge.jpg|left|thumb|Storm King Mountain as seen from the summit of Breakneck Ridge]]
During my first visit to Breakneck Ridge in Autumn 2009, there was a small pond on the eastern side of the ridge formed by the damming of Breakneck Brook. The pond was intact during my second visit to Breakneck Ridge in Autumn of 2010. During my third visit to Breakneck Ridge in Autumn of 2011, however, the dam had been formally demolished and most of the debris had been removed. This had effectively drained the pond, leaving behind an expansive mud flat through which Breakneck Brook meandered unobstructed.

During subsequent research, I discovered a bulletin released by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, dated January 5, 2011, which detailed the reason for the demolition of the dam.

<BLOCKQUOTE>
"The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYS OPRHP),
as lead agency, has determined that the proposed Decommissioning of Breakneck Dam, Hudson Highlands
State Park will not have a significant adverse environmental impact. The action involves a proposal by NYS
OPRHP to decommission Breakneck Dam located along Breakneck Brook and restore the original stream and
riparian area. The dam has several leaks and is in disrepair. NYS OPRHP has determined that repairs to the
structure would be expensive and would likely not increase public use or enjoyment of Hudson Highlands State
Park. The decision to decommission the dam is also believed preferable from an environmental standpoint as
it will result in the restoration of the original streambed and riparian area. The project is located approximately 1
mile from the Brook Trail trailhead on Route 9D in Hudson Highlands State Park in the Town of Philipstown,
New York."
</BLOCKQUOTE>

== On-Going Studies ==

Because I visit Breakneck Ridge annually during autumn, I will be producing a year-by-year photographic account of the succession of the Breakneck Dam area into a meadow and, potentially, into a forest.

== Research Records Hosted on ColemanARC ==

The following research resources have been copied from their original location and are now permanently stored on ColemanARC. This ensures that the valuable information contained in these resources will still exist here on ColemanARC even if the original online resources are eventually deleted or moved.

<ul>
<li>
NYSDEC Region 3 Notices (January 5, 2011): Breakneck Dam Decommissioned 
[[File:NYSDEP_ENB_Region_3_Notices_%282011-1-05%29_-_Breakneck_Dam_Decommissioned.pdf]]
</li>
<li>
History of Breakneck Ridge and the Cornish Estate 
(excerpt from "Hudson Valley Ruins: Forgotten Landmarks of an American Landscape") 
[[File:Breakneck_Ridge_and_the_Cornish_Estate.pdf‎]]
</ul>

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
New York State Parks: Hudson Highlands North 
(trail map of Breakneck Ridge) 
[http://nysparks.com/parks/attachments/HudsonHighlandsNorthTrailMap.pdf http://nysparks.com/parks/attachments/HudsonHighlandsNorthTrailMap.pdf]
</li>
<li>
New York State Parks: Hudson Highlands State Park Homepage 
[http://nysparks.com/parks/9/details.aspx http://nysparks.com/parks/9/details.aspx]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Protected Land]]
[[Category:Protected Land in New York]]
[[Category:State Parks]]

Black Rat Snake

2023-05-18T12:37:38Z

Admin: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Black-rat-snake-plainville.jpg|260px|alt=Black Rat Snake in Washington, CT]]
|header1 = Black Rat Snake
|label2 = Binomial Name
|data2 = ''Pantherophis obsoletus''
|label3 = Status in CT
|data3 = Least Concern
|label4 = Confirmed Locations
|data4 = 2
|label5 = Confirmed Sightings
|data5 = 2
|label6 = Photodocumented Specimens
|data6 = 2
}}

The '''Black Rat Snake''' (''Pantherophis obsoletus'') is a fairly large constrictor snake that is common in Connecticut and the American Northeast. Lacking venom and generally averse to human contact, ''P. obsoletus'' poses no threat to humans.

== Taxonomy ==

Recently, there has been some measure of disagreement over the scientific name of the Black Rat Snake, with various respected authorities supporting one of two possible taxonomic classifications. Some biologists refer to the Black Rat Snake as ''Pantherophis obsoletus'', while others prefer ''Elaphe obsoleta''. ''Elaphe obsoleta'' is the older scientific name, though many biologists still believe that it is thoroughly valid and does not require revision.

== Confirmed Locations & Sightings ==

=== Metacomet Trail (Plainville) ===

On April 15, 2012, during a hike along the Metacomet Trail in Plainville, I discovered a ''P. obsoletus'' specimen of approximately 5 feet in length. Owing to the snake's relaxed demeanor, I was able to heavily photo-document this encounter.

=== Steep Rock Preserve (Washington) ===

On September 25, 2011, during a hike within the Steep Rock Preserve in Washington, Connecticut, I discovered a juvenile ''P. obsoletus'' in a small meadow beside a brook. Despite the specimen being heavily obscured by leaf litter and grasses, I was able photo-document the snake at least well enough to verify its identity. The distinctive markings of juvenile rat snakes are highly visible in the photograph.

<gallery>
File:Blackratsnake-washington-ct.JPG|Juvenile (Washington, CT)
File:Black-rat-snake-plainville.jpg|Adult (Plainville, CT)
</gallery>

[[Category:Snakes]]
[[Category:Reptiles]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Living Organisms]]

Black Racer

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Admin: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Eastern Racer]]

Admin:ColemanARC Hosting

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Admin: 1 revision imported

ColemanARC hosted files are research records which have been copied from their original online location and saved to local files that are accessible on various pages.

== Importance of Locally-Hosted Files ==

While the internet is an exceptionally powerful research tool, it suffers from at least one glaring flaw: information may be moved or deleted from its location at any time. Websites shut down, websites restructure and move content to a different URL, certain content may be deleted altogether and become permanently inaccessible. In some cases, this is of little consequence. For example, even if the web address for a certain state park homepage is changed, its reasonable to believe that the page will always be accessible somewhere on a website operated by state government. However, certain types of information hosted by private parties is always potentially subject to deletion without warning. Occasionally, these resources may be of particular importance and it is worthwhile to protect this information into perpetuity.

In those cases, I create a digital copy of the resource and store it on the ColemanARC server. Typically, the digital copy is in PDF format. ColemanARC cannot directly display PDF files, however the PDF documents are listed and available for download on applicable articles.

== Advantages of Locally-Hosted Resources ==

Locally hosted resources are invaluable in that they are preserved with a greater degree of certainty than if their fate was left up to their creator. All locally-hosted resources on ColemanARC are backed up both on the internet and on a hard disk. The likelihood of these resources randomly vanishing is therefore substantially reduced.

== Headline text ==

Although the creation of locally-hosted files ensures that certain resources are preserved despite the fate of the website on which they were originally discovered, there are potentially some problems introduced by doing so.

'''Disconnection for Source'''

By creating a local resource from online material, that resource is effectively disconnected from its source. Thus, if I create a locally-hosted resource in 2010, for instance, and the original resource is updated in 2011, then my locally-hosted resource will not reflect that update. A locally-hosted resource is strictly a one-time, static snapshot of pertinent resource information.

'''Possibility of Copyright Infringement'''

Under certain interpretations of copyright law, it is possible that the creation of local copies of certain material may be considered unlawful. In order to minimize such infringement, ColemanARC is not hosted as a widely-accessible public resource. ColemanARC is blocked from being indexed on all search engines; only those that already know the URL of ColemanARC will know how to find it online. Therefore, none of the locally-hosted files are being distributed to the general public.

Abisha Woodward

2023-05-18T12:37:38Z

Admin: 1 revision imported

[[File:New London Lighthouse.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|The New London Harbor Lighthouse, completed by Woodward in 1801, remains an active navigational aid.]]Abisha Woodward (1752-1809), also known as Abashai Woodward<ref name="founders">{{cite web|title=To Thomas Jefferson from Albert Gallatin, 15 August 1801|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-35-02-0069|website=Founders Online|publisher=United States National Archives and Records Administration|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="meech1911">{{cite book|last1=Meech|first1=Susan Spicer|last2=Meech|first2=Susan Billings|title=History of the Descendants of Peter Spicer, A Landholder in New London, Connecticut, As Early As 1666, And Others of the Name|date=1911|publisher=Stanhope Press|location=Boston, MA|page=99|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofdescend00meec#page/n9/mode/2up|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>, was an architect and contractor from [[New London, Connecticut]] that is best known for building lighthouses in the United States. He oversaw the construction of many of [[Connecticut]]'s earliest lighthouses, but also worked in New York and North Carolina during his career. The oldest surviving beacon built by Woodward is the [[New London Harbor Lighthouse]], which he completed in 1801.

== Career ==

Woodward distinguished himself in New London as a fine architect and contractor. Prior to building lighthouses, he was co-named in a contract for building New London's new meetinghouse in 1788<ref name="blake1900">{{cite book|last1=Blake|first1=Silas Leroy|title=The later history of the First Church of Christ, New London, Conn|date=1900|publisher=Day Publishing Company|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=abishai+woodward+new+london&source=bl&ots=2egu1RcEhG&sig=AWDE09hOsYdAXlNQ0oyHbToJ6U0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih6-zFhYzMAhVBMz4KHetVC5gQ6AEITDAK#v=onepage&q=abishai%20woodward%20new%20london&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>. Home construction in town likely kept him busy around 1790, a time during which New London was experiencing significant growth<ref name="theday1904">{{cite news|last1=Wall|first1=R. B.|title=Sites and Buildings of Old Main Street: Seventh Instalment [sic]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19041208&id=AEFHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fPgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6001,3563652&hl=en|accessdate=13 April 2016|work=The Day|date=December 8, 1904}}</ref>.

Woodward's work on lighthouses began with a federal contract he won in 1793 to complete the [[Bald Head Light]] at [[Cape Fear, North Carolina]]<ref name="lhf-baldhead">{{cite web|title=Bald Head, NC|url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=349|website=LighthouseFriends.com|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>, which was already partially constructed prior to his arrival.<ref name="oct">{{cite web | url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/types/octagonals.html | title=Early Federal Octagonals, 1792-1817 | publisher=The Lighthouse Directory | accessdate=3 April 2014}}</ref> He later submitted a bid in 1796 to build the [[Montauk Point Lighthouse]], but lost the contract to [[John McComb]]<ref name=oct />. After the turn of the century, Woodward secured contracts to oversee the construction of five lighthouses along the Connecticut coast and one in New York on the east end of [[Long Island, New York|Long Island]]<ref name="lhf-littlegull">{{cite web|title=Little Gull Island, NY|url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=742|website=LighthouseFriends.com|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>.

Woodward constructed both wooden and stone lighthouses during his career. The last and longest-lived of his wooden lighthouses was replaced in 1841 after 36 years of service<ref name="woyce2015">{{cite book|last1=Woyce|first1=Kevin|title=Lighthouses: Connecticut & Block Island|date=2015|isbn=9781312949829|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vrUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=%22abisha+woodward%22+lighthouse&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM49PWsYrMAhWEph4KHWW2CJUQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=%22abisha%20woodward%22&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>. Two of Woodward's stone lighthouses, the New London Harbor Lighthouse completed in 1801<ref name="tamulevich2015">{{cite news|last1=Tamulevich|first1=Susan|title=A Guiding Beacon: New London’s ‘Pequot’ Lighthouse|url=http://www.nlmaritimesociety.org/AAW-2015-07-10_38.pdf|accessdate=13 April 2016|work=Antiques and The Arts Weekly|date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> and the Faulkner's Island Lighthouse completed 1802<ref name="dentremont-2014">{{cite book|last1=D'Entremont|first1=Jeremy|title=The Lighthouse Handbook: New England|date=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781604334012|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XREuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67&lpg=PT67&dq=%22abisha+woodward%22+ligthhouse&source=bl&ots=LLUqtgUgNd&sig=E1XGQWpFIgT4EODzk9URouq9UAA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim94WWsorMAhXIn4MKHc7sCdkQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=%22abisha%20woodward%22%20ligthhouse&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>, remain standing to this day and still serve as active aids to navigation.

== Personal life ==

Abisha Woodward was born in 1752 and married Mary Spicer on March 20, 1774. He lived in New London, Connecticut where he was a prominent architect, contractor and alderman<ref name="beers1894">{{cite book|title=Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Huron and Lorain, Ohio: Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families|date=1894|publisher=J. H. Beers & Company|location=Chicago|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdoyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=abishai+woodward+mary+spicer&source=bl&ots=ytPFLqWEdg&sig=nqyb4Ik0P9gUkvtZYWP4hUG4H7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP2rX2gozMAhWFVD4KHU-bDJoQ6AEIOjAI#v=snippet&q=abishai%20woodward&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="meech1911" />. Several of his children were born in [[Preston, Connecticut]], suggesting that he probably lived there for some time, as well. Woodward owned extensive property in the southern states and bought some 4,000 acres<ref name="hz1882">{{cite book|title=History of Sandusky County, Ohio: With Portraits and Biographies of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers|date=1882|publisher=H.Z. Williams & Brothers|location=Cleveland, Ohio|page=701|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA701&lpg=PA701&dq=abishai+woodward+new+london&source=bl&ots=ynfxX-rtwT&sig=UyrqoejiVfrapvpf08uvBmKNue0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih6-zFhYzMAhVBMz4KHetVC5gQ6AEIUTAM#v=onepage&q=abishai%20woodward%20new%20london&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> of land in the north of Ohio, known at that time as the [[Firelands]], to benefit the widows and orphans of [[Revolutionary War]] soldiers. He died on April 10, 1809 in New London.<ref name="meech1911" />

== List of lighthouses constructed ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lighthouse !! Location !! Date of completion !! Materials !! Extant?
|-
| Bald Head Lighthouse<ref name="lhf-baldhead" /> || Smith Township, North Carolina || 1794 || || No, replaced in 1817
|-
| New London Harbor Lighthouse<ref name="tamulevich2015" /> || New London, Connecticut || 1801 || granite, brownstone, brick || Yes
|-
| Lynde Point Lighthouse<ref name="griswold2012">{{cite book|last1=Griswold|first1=Wick|title=A History of the Connecticut River|date=2012|publisher=The History Press|isbn=9781609494056|pages=96-97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QkbVb6pkeEC&pg=PA96&dq=%22abisha+woodward%22+lighthouse&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM49PWsYrMAhWEph4KHWW2CJUQ6AEINzAF#v=onepage&q=%22abisha%20woodward%22%20lighthouse&f=false|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> || Old Saybrook, Connecticut || 1802 || wood || No, replaced in 1838
|-
| Faulkner's Island Lighthouse<ref name="dentremont-2014" /> || Guilford, Connecticut || 1802 || brownstone || Yes
|-
| Five Mile Point Lighthouse<ref name="woyce2015" /> || New Haven, Connecticut || 1805 || wood || No, replaced in 1841
|-
| Little Gull Island Lighthouse<ref name="lhf-littlegull" /> || Southold, New York || 1805 || stone || No, replaced in 1869
|-
| Black Rock Harbor Lighthouse<ref name="dentremont-2005">{{cite book|last1=D'Entremont|first1=Jeremy|title=The Lighthouses of Connecticut|date=2005|publisher=Commonwealth Editions|location=Beverly, Massachusetts|isbn=9781889833705|page=49|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> || Bridgeport, Connecticut || 1808 || wood || No, replaced in 1823
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

A Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts, Volume 2

2023-05-18T12:37:37Z

Admin: 1 revision imported

Published in 1846 by George Barrell Emerson, ''A Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts, Volume 2'' is primarily a catalog of flora of the State of Massachusetts.

With regards to my research, it is of particular note because it briefly mentions New Haven, Connecticut as a place where Prickly Pear Cactus can be found. In modern times, the Prickly Pear Cactus is an endangered species in Connecticut.

== Useful Links ==

<ul>
<li>
Google Books (free digital copy) 
[http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=7c4VAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader Editing A Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts, Volume 2]
</li>
</ul>

[[Category:Books]]

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